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Islamic calendar

Used By
Other Name
Total Number Of Days In A Year
Total Number Of Month In A Year
Abbreviated as
Starting Of Month
Adoption Year
Adopted By
Suggestion to start calender
Muslim World
Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar
354 or 355 days
12
H or AH (Mean Hijri or Anno Hegirae :Hijri year)
Based on sighting of new Moon (Halal)
638 
Umar ibn Al-Khattab (Second Caliph)
Abu-Musa al-Asha'ari

The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar (Arabic: التقويم الهجري; At-taqwim al-hijri; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری Taqwim-e hejri-ye qamari; Turkish: Hicri Takvim; Urdu: اسلامی تقویم Islami taqwim) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to date events in many Muslim countries (Concurrently with the Gregorian calendar), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days and festivals. The first year was the year during which the emigration of the Islamic prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra, occurred. Each numbered year is designated either H for Hijra or AH for the Latin anno Hegirae (In the year of the Hijra).A limited number of years before Hijra (BH) are used to date events related to Islam, such as the birth of Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) in 53 BH. 

History

In pre-Islamic Arabia, it was customary to identify a year after a major event which took place in it. Thus, according to Islamic tradition, Abraha, governor of Yemen, then a province of the Christian Kingdom of Aksum (Ethiopia), attempted to destroy the Kaaba with an army which included several elephants. The raid was unsuccessful, but that year became known as the Year of the Elephant. It saw the birth of Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) . That corresponded to the year AD 570 or 571, though many western scholars say the expedition of Abraha was in fact much earlier.
In 638 (The year 17 AH), Abu-Musa al-Asha'ari, one of the officials of the second Caliph Umar in Basrah, complained about the absence of any dating system in the correspondence he received from Umar, making it difficult for him to determine which instructions were most recent. This report convinced Umar of the need to introduce a calendar system for Muslims. After debating the issue with his Counsellors, he decided to start the calendar with the date of Mohammad's (Peace Be Upon Him) arrival at Madina tun Nabi (known as Yathrib, before Mohammad's (Peace Be Upon Him) arrival).
Uthman ibn Affan then suggested to start the calendar with the month of Muharram, in line with the established custom of the Arabs at that time.
The Islamic calendar numbering of the years thus began with the month of Muharram in the year of Mohammad's arrival at the city of Medina. According to calculations, the first day of the first year corresponded to Friday, July 16, 622 (Even though the actual emigration took place in September).Because of the Hijra event, the calendar was named the Hijra calendar.
Though Cook and Crone in "Hagarism" cite a coin form 17 AH, the first surviving attested use of a Hijri calendar date alongside a Coptic calendar date is on a papyrus from Egypt in 22 AH.

Months In Islamic Calendar

Month Number

1

2
3

4

5

6


7

8

9

10

11

12

Name

Muharram (المحرّم) or Muharram al Haram

Safar (صفر) or Safar al Muzaffar
Rabi al-Awwal (ربيع الأوّل) or Rabi I 

Rabi al-Thani or Rabi al-Akhir (ربيع الآخر أو ربيع الثاني) or Rabi II 
Jumada al-Ula (جمادى الأولى) or Jumada I 

Jumada al-Thani or Jumada al-Akhirah (جمادى الآخرة أو جمادى الثانية)  or Jumada II 

Rajab (رجب) or Rajab al-Murajab

Shaban (شعبان) or Shaban al-Muazzam

Ramadan (رمضان) or Ramadan al-Mubarak

Shawwal (شوّال ) or Shawwal al-Mukarram

Dhu al-Qada (ذو القعدة ) 

Dhu al-Hijja ( ذو الحجة)  

Name Came From

Arabic Word "Muharram" Mean "Forbidden" 
Arabic Word "Safar" Mean "Empty," 
Arabic Word "Rabi al-Awwal" Mean "The first Spring" 
Arabic Word "Rabi al-Thani" Mean "The second (or last) Spring" 
Arabic Word "Jumada al-Ula" Mean "The first month of parched land" 
Arabic Word "Jumada al-Thani" Mean "The second (or last) month of parched land"
Arabic Word "Rajab" Mean "Respect" or "Honor"
Arabic Word "Shaban" Mean "Scattered"
Arabic Word "Ramadan" Mean "Scorched"
Arabic Word "Shawwal" Mean "Raised"
Arabic Word "Dhu al-Qada" Mean "The one of truce"
Arabic Word "Dhu al-Hijja" Mean "The one of pilgrimage"

Days of the week

No

1



2



3



4




5



6



7

Arabic

Yawm as-Sabt
يوم السبت
(Sabbath day)

Yawm al-Aḥad
يوم الأحد
(First day)

Yawm al-Ithnayn
يوم الاثنين
(Second day)

Yawm ath-Thalaathaaʼ
يوم الثلاثاء
(Third day)

Yawm al-Arba'aa'
يوم الأربعاء
(Fourth day)

Yawm al-Khamīs
يوم الخميس
(Fifth day)

Yawm al-Jumu'ah
يوم الجمعة
(Gathering day)

Persian

Shanbeh شنبه



Yekshanbeh یکشنبه


Doshanbeh دوشنبه



Seshanbeh سه شنبه



Chaharshanbeh چهارشنبه


Panjshanbeh پنجشنبه


آدینه Adineh  or جمه Jomeh 

Urdu

Saneechar سنیچر or ہفتہ Haftah 


Itwaar اتوار



Peer پیر or Somwar سوموار


Mangal منگل




Budh بدھ



Jumaa-raat جمعرات 



Jumaah جمعہ

Hindi

Shanivar



Ravivar



Somavar 



Mangalavar




Budhavar



Guruvar



Shukravar

English

Saturday



Sunday



Monday



Tuesday




Wednesday



Thursday



Friday

Astronomical considerations

The Islamic calendar is not to be confused with a lunar calendar that is based on astronomical calculations. The latter is based on a year of 12 months adding up to 354.37 days. Each lunar month begins at the time of the monthly "conjunction", when the Moon is located on a straight line between the Earth and the Sun. The month is defined as the average duration of a rotation of the Moon around the Earth (29.53 days). By convention, months of 30 days and 29 days succeed each other, adding up over two successive months to 59 full days. This leaves only a small monthly variation of 44 mn to account for, which adds up to a total of 24 hours (i.e. the equivalent of one full day) in 2.73 years. To settle accounts, it is sufficient to add one day every three years to the lunar calendar, in the same way that one adds one day to the Gregorian calendar, every four years.The technical details of the adjustment are described in Tabular Islamic Calendar.
The Islamic calendar, however, is based on a different set of conventions.Each month has either 29 or 30 days, but usually in no discernible order. Traditionally, the first day of each month is the day (beginning at sunset) of the first sighting of the hilal shortly after sunset. If the hilal is not observed immediately after the 29th day of a month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the day that begins at that sunset is the 30th. Such a sighting has to be made by one or more trustworthy men testifying before a committee of Muslim leaders. Determining the most likely day that the hilal could be observed was a motivation for Muslim interest in astronomy, which put Islam in the forefront of that science for many centuries.
This traditional practice is still followed in the overwhelming majority of Muslim countries. Each Islamic state proceeds with its own monthly observation of the new moon (or, failing that, awaits the completion of 30 days) before declaring the beginning of a new month on its territory. But, the lunar crescent becomes visible only some 15–18 hours after the conjunction, and only subject to the existence of a number of favourable conditions relative to weather, time, geographic location, as well as various astronomical parameters.Given the fact that the moon sets progressively later than the sun as one goes West, Western Muslim countries are likely to observe the new moon one day earlier than Eastern Muslim countries. Due to the interplay of all these factors, the beginning of each month differs from one Muslim country to another, and the information provided by the calendar in any country does not extend beyond the current month.
A number of Muslim countries try to overcome some of these difficulties by applying different astronomy-related rules to determine the beginning of months. Thus, Malaysia, Indonesia, and a few others begin each month at sunset on the first day that the moon sets after the sun (moonset after sunset). In Egypt, the month begins at sunset on the first day that the moon sets at least five minutes after the sun. A detailed analysis of the available data shows, however, that there are major discrepancies between what countries say they do on this subject, and what they actually do.
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