Brief Biography of Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him)
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Muhammad ibn Abd Allah also spelled Mohammad or Mohammed (Arabic: محمد) is a messenger and prophet of God, and the last law-bearer in a series of prophets. Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets (Peace On All).
Historic division of life of Mohamamd (Peace Be Upon Him)
The life of Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) can be divided into two parts.
- Meccan life
- Medinan life
- Before declaring the prophecy (Birth to Prophecy)
- After declaring the prophecy. This period called in Arabic "Nabawi". (Prophecy to before Migration to madina).
Meccan life of Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him)
Before prophethood
22 April, 571 A.D / 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal, 1st year of the Elephant
Khatm-al-Anbiya (The Seal of Prophecy) was born in Makkah. The blessed being made his appearance from the person of Sayyida Amina (ALLAH Bless With Her) who diverted totally the very stream of human history who uplifted humanity from the lowest pit of degradation and raised it to the zenith of glory and grandeur who heralded a new message of peace and prosperity for the suffering people and bestowed upon them a panacea for all pains and ills. He was named Mohammad “The Praised one” or “He who is glorified”. The new-born was of the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh and orphaned before birth. His father Hazrat Abdullah (ALLAH Bless With Him) had died before his birth. According to the custom of Arab noblemen, infants were given into the charge of Bedouin women who suckle and nourish the infants. This blessed child entrusted to Hazrat Halima Sadia (ALLAH Bless With Her) for nourishing.
576 A.D
He was five years old when Hazrat Halima Sadia (ALLAH Bless With Her) returned him to his mother Sayyida Amina (ALLAH Bless With Her).
577 A.D
He was six years old when his mother Sayyida Amina (ALLAH Bless With Her) taken him to Madina for a visit. She wanted him to see the grave of his father. It was a long journey, when they returned and encamped at a place named Abwa, Sayyida Amina (ALLAH Bless With Her) fell ill and in a few days she was died.
In this strange and lonely place, young Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) saw the last agonies of the nearest and the best-loved person he knew, with no one to share his baffled and piercing grief, except a slave girl named Hazrat Umm-e-Aiman (ALLAH Bless With Her).The blessed child was fatherless when he left on this journey and motherless when he returned.
After the burial of Sayyida Amina (ALLAH Bless With Her), Hazrat Umm-e-Aiman (ALLAH Bless With Her) returned young Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) to his grandfather. Abdul Muttalib took the responsibility of his grandson.
In this strange and lonely place, young Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) saw the last agonies of the nearest and the best-loved person he knew, with no one to share his baffled and piercing grief, except a slave girl named Hazrat Umm-e-Aiman (ALLAH Bless With Her).The blessed child was fatherless when he left on this journey and motherless when he returned.
After the burial of Sayyida Amina (ALLAH Bless With Her), Hazrat Umm-e-Aiman (ALLAH Bless With Her) returned young Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) to his grandfather. Abdul Muttalib took the responsibility of his grandson.
579 A.D
He was only eight years old when his grandfather died. After his grandfather’s death, his uncle Abu Talib became his guardian. In later years, he was brought up by his uncle.
583 A.D
At the age of twelve, he went to Syria for trade along with his uncle. He was then growing up and had begun to look at men and things around with a curious and observant eye. In later years, Abu Talib trained him to be a merchant. With the passage of time, he established himself as a man of high moral status and a trustworthy trader, thus he come to be known as Al-Sadiq (the truthful one) & Al-Ameen (the trusted one)
590 A.D
- At the age of twenty, He took part Harb-ul-Fijar (Sacrilegious War) between the Quraysh and Banu Qais Élan over a trade conflict. He took part in that war on behalf of Quraysh.
- Four months after Harb-ul-Fijar (Sacrilegious War) a peace treaty called Hulf-ul-Fudul (oath of virtue or the pact of chivalry) was renewed by Quraysh aimed protection of trade caravans passing Makkah, being supported by Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him).
595 A.D
- March, 595 A.D / Zilhaj
- September, 595 A.D
598 A.D
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) begun to spend long hours in solitary meditation into a cave he had found in mountain of Hira nearby. Here he pondered and meditated in long and lonely vigils. His periods of loneliness became more frequent and his vigils lengthened as he approached the age of forty.
599 A.D
At the age of twenty eight, the first baby was born who was named Qasim (ALLAH Bless With Him). This child died in infancy.
600 A.D
At the age of thirty, his first daughter Sayyida Zainab (ALLAH Bless With Her) was born.
603 A.D
At the age of thirty three, his second daughter Sayyida Ruqayya (ALLAH Bless With Her) was born.
604 A.D
At the age of thirty four, his third daughter Sayyida Umm-e-Kulsoom (ALLAH Bless With Her) was born.
605 A.D
- At the age of thirty five, he took part in rebuilding of Khana-e-kaaba and settled a quarrel over the placing of Hajar-e-Aswad (Black stone) and saved Quraysh from a certain blood shed. For their idolatry and pagan customs, the Arabs still revered the Kaaba as the holy of holies. In the Kaaba there is a black stone held to be particularly sacred. When they decided to rebuild Kaaba, there was furious wrangling over the Hajar-e-Aswad (Black stone) whoever was chosen to put it back into its place in the structure, it was felt, would acquire a pride and precedence that would humble all competitors. Every chief of Quraysh therefore, claimed the honour. The quarrel waxed hot and bloodshed seemed imminent. At last they asked Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) to arbitrate and settle the issue among them. He spread out his wrap on the earth, placed the holy stone in the middle and asked all the claimants to lift the wrap and carry it to the Kaaba. Then he picked up the Hajar-e-Aswad (Black stone) himself and fixed it in its place. Thus much bloodshed was avoided.
- At the age of thirty five, his fourth daughter Sayyida Fatima (ALLAH Bless With Her) was born.
After prophethood
12 February 610 A.D / Ramadan-ul-Mubarak
The beginning of the Prophet’s mission; at the age of forty, he began to receive the revelation of Quran in a cave (Hira) at the summit of a mountain (Jabal-e-Noor) outside Makkah. Where the prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) was engaged in meditation on one of the last nights of the month of Holy Ramadan, Gabriel (Peace On Him) appeared to him with the first revelation the beginning of verses sura (96:1-5)
بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ 1 خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ 2 اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ 3 الَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ 4
عَلَّمَ الْإِنسَانَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ 5
اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ 1 خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ 2 اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ 3 الَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ 4
عَلَّمَ الْإِنسَانَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ 5
پڑھو اپنے رب کے نام سے جس نے پیدا کیا 1 آدمی کو خون کی پھٹک سے بنایا، پڑھو 2 اور تمہارا رب ہی سب سے بڑا کریم 3 جس نے قلم سے لکھنا سکھایا 4 آدمی کو سکھایا جو نہ جانتا تھا 5
Read with the name of your Lord Who created (1) Created man from a clot (2) Read, and your Lord only is the Most Beneficent (3) The One Who taught to write with the pen (4) The One Who taught man all what he did not know (5)
Gabriel (Peace On Him) disappeared then and Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) came home, strangely troubled, and said to his wife:
Cover me up, Khadeja, cover me up!
After a while, he became calmer and spoke his wife of the divine commendments revealed to him. Sayyida Khadija (ALLAH Bless With Her) comforted him:
Fear not, my noble one, but rejoice.
God will not forsake you in this affair nor expose you to shame.
For you are good and kind a truthful. You are hospitable to the passing stranger;
You aid and comfort the poor and the lowly, and support the virtuous in righteous deeds.
Sayyida Khadija (ALLAH Bless With Her), without a moment’s hesitation, accepted the truth of his words. She thus became the first to believe that the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) had indeed been charged with a divine mission, followed by Sayyidna Ali (ALLAH Bless With Him) his cousin, and Hazrat Zayd b. Harith (ALLAH Bless With Him) his freed servant. The first convert from outside the family circle was Sayyidna Abu Bakr (ALLAH Bless With Him) a respected merchant and best friend of Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him). After this, quietly and unobtrusively, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) went round preaching, relating to whomsoever would listen or seemed likely to accept, the message and the commandments he had received. Thus three years passed. These three years produced only forty followers for his faith. These forty are known as Al-Sabiqun-al-Awwalun (the First and foremost).
614 A.D / 4th Nabawi
At the beginning of the fourth year of revelation, Devine message came: (26:214)
بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
وَأَنذِرْ عَشِيرَتَكَ الْأَقْرَبِينَ
اور اے محبوب! اپنے قریب تر رشتہ داروں کو ڈراؤ
And O dear Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him), warn your closest relatives.
To act upon this Devine order, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) arranged a feast in which he invited his family members, his clan Banu Hashim. The feast is to be known as Dawah-Dhul-Asheerah (The feast of the nearest kinsmen). At the end of this feast, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) declared that there is no god but ALLAH who chose him as his messenger. The meantime Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) asked the guests to give up the paganism and to worship the one and the true God. His family members listened to him with growing anger; some of them shouted abuses at him when he insulted their gods. Abu Lahab one of his uncles who later became a violent enemy of Islam was particularly harsh in his words. By and large the Banu Hashim paid no heed to his words, nor did they give them too much importance.
Few days after Dawah-Dhul-Asheerah (The feast of the nearest kinsmen) the Devine message came:
Few days after Dawah-Dhul-Asheerah (The feast of the nearest kinsmen) the Devine message came:
بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
فَاصْدَعْ بِمَا تُؤْمَرُ وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ
تو اعلانیہ کہہ دو جس بات کا تمہیں حکم ہے اور مشرکوں سے منہ پھیر لو
Whatever is commanded and ordained, proclaim it openly. (15:94)
So Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) climbed the hill of safa and called out to the people of Makkah. When a goodly crowd had collected, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) proclaimed the divine message openly, he first of all swore to his own truthfulness and good faith. Then he asked them to abjure false gods, to worship no one except the one true God, to abstain from promiscuity and lewdness, to live in purity and virtue to treat one another with kindness and consideration, to forsake all suppressions and all pagan practices. The people of Makkah listened to him with growing anger; they shouted abuses at him when he insulted their gods. Abu Lahab condemned him as he did earlier and said angrily:
“O, Mohemmed! Your hands were Perish, had you collected us to listen this?”
From that day, Abu Lahab became the most violent enemy of Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) and his followers. ALLAH revealed a complete Surah in condemnation of Abu Lahab. ALLAH says in (111:1-5)
“O, Mohemmed! Your hands were Perish, had you collected us to listen this?”
From that day, Abu Lahab became the most violent enemy of Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) and his followers. ALLAH revealed a complete Surah in condemnation of Abu Lahab. ALLAH says in (111:1-5)
بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
تَبَّتْ يَدَا أَبِي لَهَبٍ وَتَبَّ 1 مَا أَغْنَىٰ عَنْهُ مَالُهُ وَمَا كَسَبَ 2 سَيَصْلَىٰ نَارًا ذَاتَ لَهَبٍ 3 وَامْرَأَتُهُ حَمَّالَةَ الْحَطَبِ 4 فِي جِيدِهَا حَبْلٌ مِّن مَّسَدٍ 5
تباہ ہوجائیں ابولہب کے دونوں ہاتھ اور وہ تباہ ہوہی گیا 1 اسے کچھ کام نہ آیا اس کا مال اور نہ جو کمایا 2 اب دھنستا ہے لپٹ مارتی آگ میں وہ 3 اور اس کی جُورو لکڑیوں کا گٹھا سر پر اٹھاتی 4 اس کے گلے میں کھجور کی چھال کا رسّا 5
May both the hands of Abu Lahab be destroyed – and they are destroyed! (1) His wealth did not benefit him in the least, nor did whatever he earned. (2) He will soon enter the flaming fire (3) And so will his wife; carrying a bundle of firewood on her head. (4) A rope made from palm fibre around her neck! (5)
By and large the people of Makkah did not pay any heed to his call and refused to give it too much importance. They dismissed his sermon as the passing whim of a temporarily obsessed.
At the age of forty four, his second son was born who was named Abdullah or Tahir (ALLAH Bless With Him). He died in infancy.
At the age of forty four, his second son was born who was named Abdullah or Tahir (ALLAH Bless With Him). He died in infancy.
615 A.D, 5th Nabawi
Islam attracted some support but provoked a great deal of hostility from infidels who felt their interests threatened. Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) observed the cruelties and hardships visited on his followers. At last he advised his followers to leave their homes and migrate to Abyssinia (Modern-day Ethiopia). Nijashi (Negus) The king of Abyssinia of that time was very merciful and upright; he permitted Muslims to stay in his country and to perform their religious rites according to their belief, despite attempts by infidels of Makkah to turn him against the Muslims.
Two notable chiefs of Quresh, Sayyidna Hamza (ALLAH Bless With Him) and Sayyidna Umar (ALLAH Bless With Him), embraced Islam. The day Sayyidna Umar (ALLAH Bless With Him) did so, the Muslims felt so elated that they offered their prayers openly and in congregation.
Two notable chiefs of Quresh, Sayyidna Hamza (ALLAH Bless With Him) and Sayyidna Umar (ALLAH Bless With Him), embraced Islam. The day Sayyidna Umar (ALLAH Bless With Him) did so, the Muslims felt so elated that they offered their prayers openly and in congregation.
616 A.D / 6th Nabawi
When the infidels of Makkah felt that they were unable to stop the progress of Islam, the tribal leaders of Quraysh put their heads together and finally they decided upon a scheme. They showed the unity against prophet’s clan Banu Hashim and banned the whole family. They drew up a joint proclamation and hung it upon the walls of Kaaba. It read,
It has been agreed that henceforth no one in Makkah shall have any dealings or transact any business with Mohemmed b. Abdullah, his family or his followers. No one shall sell food to them nor visit them, nor converse with them. This ban will continue until Banu Hashim hand him over to us to be treated as he deserves.
This social boycott was so rigidly enforced that Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) and his followers were forced to leave the town and find shelter in a nearby valley called Shib-e-Abi Talib (Valley of Abu Talib). This boycott continued for three years.
619 A.D / 10 Nabawi
Finally, the social boycott came to an end, and Muslims, along with the prophet Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) returned back to the Makkah. Immediately after the end of social boycott, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) experienced the bitter phase of his life when Abu Talib his loving and beloved uncle and protector, head of Banu Hashim died. In the same year, a few weeks later, Hazrat Mohemmed’s (Peace Be Upon Him) beloved wife, Sayyida Khadeja (ALLAH Bless With Her) also passed away after a tender and faithful association of twenty-five years. Thus Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) lost two of his best beloved and nearest ones within the short span of a few days. So this year came to be known as Aam-ul-Huzn (The Year of sorrow).
At the age of forty nine, he married Sayyida Sawdah (ALLAH Bless With Her) aged thirty-five; the widow of a late companion of Prophet Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) named Hazrat Sakran b. Amr (ALLAH Bless With Him).
Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) married the daughter of Abu Bakr (ALLAH Bless With Him), Sayyida Ayesha (ALLAH Bless With Her). She was to be the Prophet’s favorite wife, and a presence that kindled his intuition and sense of spiritual immense. Sayyida Ayesha (ALLAH Bless With Her) had a sound knowledge of Hadith and Sunnah that’s why towards the end of her life; she was often consulted on matters of Hadith and Sunnah.
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) went to Taif (A town, sixty miles away from Makkah) for preaching, the people of Taif treated him even more brutally than did the people of Makkah. They set their bullies and street urchins after him, who abused and mocked him and pelted him with stones. Wounded and hurt, his shoes filled with the blood dripping from his cloths, he took shelter in an orchard and sitting under the shade of a tree. His greatness lies in the fact, instead to curse the people of Taif, he asked ALLAH to forgive them.
At the age of forty nine, he married Sayyida Sawdah (ALLAH Bless With Her) aged thirty-five; the widow of a late companion of Prophet Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) named Hazrat Sakran b. Amr (ALLAH Bless With Him).
Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) married the daughter of Abu Bakr (ALLAH Bless With Him), Sayyida Ayesha (ALLAH Bless With Her). She was to be the Prophet’s favorite wife, and a presence that kindled his intuition and sense of spiritual immense. Sayyida Ayesha (ALLAH Bless With Her) had a sound knowledge of Hadith and Sunnah that’s why towards the end of her life; she was often consulted on matters of Hadith and Sunnah.
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) went to Taif (A town, sixty miles away from Makkah) for preaching, the people of Taif treated him even more brutally than did the people of Makkah. They set their bullies and street urchins after him, who abused and mocked him and pelted him with stones. Wounded and hurt, his shoes filled with the blood dripping from his cloths, he took shelter in an orchard and sitting under the shade of a tree. His greatness lies in the fact, instead to curse the people of Taif, he asked ALLAH to forgive them.
620 A.D / 10 Nabawi
On the return journey from Taif, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) recited the Quran at night in Nakhlah (Oasis) seven passing Jinn (Genie) stopped and listened.
22 March, 620 A.D / 27th Rajab, 10 Nabawi
The incident of Mairaj (A Sacred Night journey) took place in which the prophet was taken in one night from Makkah to Jerusalem, mounted on the steed Al-Buraq (The miraculous steed) brought to him by the Angel Gabriel (Peace On Him) From the temple Mount the prophet accompanied by Gabriel (Peace On Him) ascends to the Divine Presence. The same night (At Mairaj) five Ritual prayers were made incumbent on Muslims which must be performed at five appointed times each days.
620 A.D / 10 Nabawi
Six pilgrims of the tribe of Khazraj of Yathrib (Madina) belong to an agricultural community to the north, came to Makkah. Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) preached them and later on they accepted Islam.
621 A.D / 11 Nabawi
The first Aqabah covenant (Oath of allegiance) took place. Twelve men of the tribes of Khazraj and Aws came in the presence of Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) and took the oath of allegiance.
622 A.D / 12 Nabawi
The second Aqabah covenant (Oath of allegiance) occurred. Seventy two men came in the presence of Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) and accepted Islam. They pledged to defend the Prophet and promised to be with Islamic Movement whatever the circumstances will be.
12 September, 622 A.D / 27th Safar-ul-Muzaffar, 13 Nabawi
At the age of fifty two, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) decided to migrate from Makkah to Madina. The position of Muslims had become untenable, but they were saved by an invitation form the people of Yathrib, who wanted Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) to come and arbitrate in the feuds the racked their community. At last Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) left for Madina accompanied by Sayyidna Abu Bakr (ALLAH Bless With Him). During this journey they took shelter in a cave called Saur, some distance from Makkah. For three days they hide in the cave, the pursuers hovering around. One day a band came so near the mouth of the cave that their voices could be distinctly heard inside. Sayyidna Abu Bakr (ALLAH Bless With Him), greatly troubled in heart, said to Prophet Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him):
There are only two of us and they are many. What if we are discovered?
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) replied,
Fear not, there are not two of us but three, and the third amongst us is God.
16 September, 622 A.D / 1st Rabi-ul-Awwal 13th Nabawi
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) and his companion Sayyidna Abu Bakr (ALLAH Bless With Him) left the cave Saur and left for Madina.
Medinan life of Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him)
27 September, 622 A.D / 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal 1st Hijri
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) arrived at the city of Madina. He was accorded a red carpet welcome by the people of Yathrib; when the Holy prophet entered the city, the daughters of the Ansar (helpers) welcomed him with the recitation of these words;
Tala-ul-badr-u-Alaina-min-saniyyat-el-wadaaie
(The moon has shone upon us from the two hills of Wida’a)
The name of the town was changed to Madina, the city of prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) There he delivered his first Friday sermon and led the prayer. The year in which the migration from Makkah to Madina took place was a turning point of prophet’s life and milestone of Islamic history called hijrah. The hijrah marked the beginning of the Muslim era and the beginning of Islamic calendar as well.
622 A.D / 1st Hijri
Masjid-e-Quba (Mosque of the Quba) was built at three miles away from Madina. Quba infect a village outside Madina where the prophet first arrived after his migration from Makkah, and here he built a mosque later known as Masjid-ul-Taqwa (the mosque of Reverence). This is considered to be the first mosque in Islam.
Beginning of Azan (The call to prayer); in addition to the call, mosques would display a white flag as a signal that the prayer was being called, at night, a lamp was lit on the top of the minaret to serve the same purpose.
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) set a relationship between Muhajriin (Refugees of Makkah) and Ansar (Citizens of Madina or Helpers). This is to be known as Muakhat. In fact most of the Muhajriin (Refugees of Makkah) were prosperous and well-to-do, but now they were all equally destitute. As a preliminary step, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) enjoined the Ansar (Citizens of Madina or helpers) to adopt as brothers their co-religionists namely Muhajriin (Refugees of Makkah) to share with them like their own kith and kin whatever they possessed, in prosperity and in want. These bonds endured and Muhajriin were soon absorbed into the community.
Masjid-e-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) started to build in Madina. It is the second most venerable mosque in Islam, after the Masjid-ul.Haram (the grand Mosque of Makkah). The first mosque on the site of today’s structure was supported by the trunks of standing palm trees that had grown there, and Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) himself worked on its construction. In its time, Masjid-e-Nabawi was the principal mosque in Islam, where the prophet spent much of his time with his companions.
Beginning of Azan (The call to prayer); in addition to the call, mosques would display a white flag as a signal that the prayer was being called, at night, a lamp was lit on the top of the minaret to serve the same purpose.
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) set a relationship between Muhajriin (Refugees of Makkah) and Ansar (Citizens of Madina or Helpers). This is to be known as Muakhat. In fact most of the Muhajriin (Refugees of Makkah) were prosperous and well-to-do, but now they were all equally destitute. As a preliminary step, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) enjoined the Ansar (Citizens of Madina or helpers) to adopt as brothers their co-religionists namely Muhajriin (Refugees of Makkah) to share with them like their own kith and kin whatever they possessed, in prosperity and in want. These bonds endured and Muhajriin were soon absorbed into the community.
Masjid-e-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) started to build in Madina. It is the second most venerable mosque in Islam, after the Masjid-ul.Haram (the grand Mosque of Makkah). The first mosque on the site of today’s structure was supported by the trunks of standing palm trees that had grown there, and Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) himself worked on its construction. In its time, Masjid-e-Nabawi was the principal mosque in Islam, where the prophet spent much of his time with his companions.
623 A.D / 1st Hijri
In Madina there was a large Jewish population with whom Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) negotiated an agreement in order to adjust their relation with his followers. This is to be known as Mithaq-e-Madina (Charter of Madina). The salient features of that agreement were as follows:
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) led the very first battle of Islamic history, named Viden. Battle of Sawwan took place.
Battle of Dhul-Asheerah took place.
- Every tribe and clan would manage its affairs and settle its own disputes according to its own law.
- No party in Madina, either Muslim or Jewish would directly negotiate any treaty or agreement at any time with any outside party rising beyond the precincts of Madina.
- In case of war out side Madina no citizen of Madina would be compelled to join either of the warring parties.
- In all disputes in Madina, Hazrat Mohemmed (saww) would be the final arbitrating authority.
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) led the very first battle of Islamic history, named Viden. Battle of Sawwan took place.
Battle of Dhul-Asheerah took place.
624 A.D / 1st Hijri
Hazrat Salman Farsi, the Persian (ALLAH Bless With Him) embraced Islam.
16 March, 624 A.D / 17 Ramadan-ul-Mubarak, 2nd Hijri
The battle of Badr was fought. Badr a valley lies 90 miles away to the south of Madina, where that battle took place, after the name of that valley (The battle front) the battle is to be known as “The battle of Badr”. It was the first major encounter with infidels and Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) led the 313 devotees. That was a milestone not only in the Islamic history but also in the world history, when a Small army of just three hundred Muslims defeated a strong force of more than one thousand infidels of Makkah. That was the battle in which Angles led by Gabriel (A.S) joined the Muslims. That was the battle in which notable chiefs of Quraysh and bitter enemies of Islam like Ut,ba, Shai,ba, Waleed, Umayyah and Abu-Jahl (Father of ignorance, the worst enemy of Islam) were put to death by a small but an enthusiastic Muslim army. Abu-Jahl’s death was an exemplary event of that battle when he was put to death by two young boys of Madina, named Ma,uz and Ma,az. At the beginning of the battle Hazrat Mohemmed (saww) threw a handful of pebbles at the infidels of Makkah, saying:
“Abased be those faces”.
“Abased be those faces”.
A later revelation of Quran said that:
بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
فَلَمْ تَقْتُلُوهُمْ وَلَـٰكِنَّ اللَّـهَ قَتَلَهُمْ ۚ وَمَا رَمَيْتَ إِذْ رَمَيْتَ وَلَـٰكِنَّ اللَّـهَ رَمَىٰ ۚ وَلِيُبْلِيَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْهُ بَلَاءً حَسَنًا ۚ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ
تو تم نے انہیں قتل نہ کیا بلکہ اللہ نے انہیں قتل کیا، اور اے محبوب! وہ خاک جو تم نے پھینکی تھی بلکہ اللہ نے پھینکی اور اس لیے کہ مسلمانوں کو اس سے اچھا انعام عطا فرمائے، بیشک اللہ سنتا جانتا ہے
So you did not slay them, but in fact ALLAH slew them; and O dear Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him) you did not throw (the sand) when you did throw, but in fact ALLAH threw; and in order to bestow an excellent reward upon the Muslims; indeed ALLAH is the All Hearing, the All Knowing. (8:17)
Another secret of the victory of Muslim force lies in the fact that they fought as a disciplined body with an order of battle. To this the Quran says:
بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
إِنَّ اللَّـهَ يُحِبُّ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَ فِي سَبِيلِهِ صَفًّا كَأَنَّهُم بُنْيَانٌ مَّرْصُوصٌ
بیشک اللہ دوست رکھتا ہے انہیں جو اس کی راہ میں لڑتے ہیں پرا (صف) باندھ کر گویا وہ عمارت ہیں رانگا پلائی سیسہ پلائی دیوار
Indeed ALLAH likes those who fight in His cause, positioned in rows, as if they were an edifice fortified. (61:4)
The Muslim casualties were fourteen, those of the infidels seventy among few bitter enemies of Islam were killed, the rest being held for ransom. The battle amounted to be an astonishing victory for the Muslims, and that gained them political credibility for their cause among other tribes and soon they emerged as one of the strong forces of the world.
624 A.D / 2nd Hijri
The fasting of the month of Ramadan was made mandatory on Muslims. The prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) recommended fasting as a spiritual discipline.
February, 624 A.D / 2nd Hijri
During the prayer, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) got the revelation of changing the direction of prayer from Jerusalem to Makkah and congregation followed the suit, so Makkah was declared as new Qiblah (Prayer Direction) for Muslims. The mosque where the Prophet turned towards Makkah during the prayers is now called Masjid-ul-Qiblatain (Mosque of the two prayer direction)
624 A.D / 2nd Hijri
- Battle of Salim took place.
- Muslims got the felicity of celebrating Eid-ul-Fitar. At the mean time they got the divine order to pay the Fitrah (the Amount at the feast of fast breaking). It is Special alms (Zakat) called Zakat-ul-Fitr, it is consist of a measure of grain for every member of the household (or its equivalent in value) it is given directly to the poor.
- Zakat was made mandatory on Muslims. Term “Zakat” is taken to mean “purification” from the verb“Zaka” which signifies “to thrive”, “to be wholesome” and “to be pure”. The giving up of a portion of the wealth one may possess, in excess of what is needed for sustenance, to “purify” or legitimize what one retains. It is one of the five pillars of Islam and is in effect a tax on one’s possession. It may be paid directly to the poor as alms.
625 A.D / 3rd Hijri
Hazrat Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him) married Sayyida Hafsah (ALLAH Bless With Her) the 21 year-old daughter of Sayyidna Umar (ALLAH Bless With Him). She was the widow of Hazrat Khunays (ALLAH Bless With Him), who had martyred in a battle.
21 March, 625 A.D / 6th Shawwal-ul-Mukarram, 3rd Hijri
Battle of Uhud took place. Uhud on the western outskirts of Madina is a hill with a plain stretching before it. Infidels of Makkah were gathered there to avenge their defeat at Badr. On the morning of the battle 300 men of Muslim force under Abdullah b. Ubayy (The leader of the hypocrite’s faction in Madina) deserted the prophet as the troops rode out of the city, leaving the Muslims only 700 strong. Nevertheless, the Muslims were close to victory when forty archers whom Hazrat Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him) had stationed on the hill to remain there and guard the flank, saw that the Muslims were wining, most of them abandoned their post, this left the way open for a counter-attack by a detachment of the infidels cavalry. The ten Muslim archers who had remained faithful to their orders proved too small number to hold the cavalry and were cut down. Caught by the break through of the infidel’s cavalry, Muslim force was routed and the prophet (saww) himself was wounded momentarily knocked unconscious. The rumor of prophet’s death caused the infidels to withdraw thinking the battle won. When the infidels learned that the prophet had survived it was too late to launch a counter-attack.
In this battle Sayyidna Hamzah b. Abdul Muttalib an uncle of the prophet and one of Islam’s most formidable warriors, was martyred speared by a slave named wahshi. Hind, daughter of a slain chief of Quaish at Badr, thirsting to revenge her father and her kinsman killed at Bard, had set her slave to this exploit with promises of reward. Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) greatly mourned Sayyidna Hamzah (ALLAH Bless With Him), foremost of the martyrs of Uhud.
In this battle Sayyidna Hamzah b. Abdul Muttalib an uncle of the prophet and one of Islam’s most formidable warriors, was martyred speared by a slave named wahshi. Hind, daughter of a slain chief of Quaish at Badr, thirsting to revenge her father and her kinsman killed at Bard, had set her slave to this exploit with promises of reward. Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) greatly mourned Sayyidna Hamzah (ALLAH Bless With Him), foremost of the martyrs of Uhud.
625 A.D / 3rd Hijri
- Battle of Hamar-ul-Asad took place.
- Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) married Sayyida Zainab b. Khuzaymah (ALLAH Bless With Her), a widow of Hazrat Ubaydah (ALLAH Bless With Him), who had martyred in the battle of Badr. She was known as the Umm-ul- Masakin (The mother of the poor) for her generosity. She died not long after the marriage.
625 A.D / 4th Hijri
- Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) led the Muslims in the battle of Banu Nadeyr.
- Wine was declared prohibited in Islam.
- Battle of Dat-ul-Rajee took place.
- Battle of Dat-ul-Raqa took place.
- Battle of Beir-e-Mauna took place.
626 A.D / 4th Hijri
- Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) married Sayyida Umm-e-Salmah (ALLAH Bless With Her) the widow of Hazrat Abu Salmah (ALLAH Bless With Him), who had martyred in the battle of Uhud.
- Battle of Badr-ul-Ukhra took place.
626 A.D / 5th Hijri
- Hazrat Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) led the Muslims in the battle of Daumat-ul-Jandal.
- Battle of Banu Mustaliq took place.
- Hazrat Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) married Sayyida Juwayriyyah b.Harith (ALLAH Bless With Her) daughter of the chief of the Banu Mustailq, who thus became allied to the prophet (Peace Be Upon Him).
627 A.D / 5th Hijri
- Hazrat Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) married Hazrat Zainab b. Jahash (ALLAH Bless With Her), the divorced wife of his freed man Hazrat Zayd b. Harith (ALLAH Bless With Him).
- The order of observing Pardah (The covering of the head, face and body by women in public) was revealed.
23 March, 627 A.D / 28th Shawwal-ul-Mukarram, 5th Hijri
Madina is besieged by infidels of Makkah: Battle of Khandaq (The Trench) also called Ahzab (War of the Confederates) took place. The Quraysh had made an alliance with certain desert tribes, the Bannu-Ghatafan and Jews of Banu Nadir who had emigrated from Madina to Khyber. Hazrat Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) ordered his devotees a defensive trench to be dug around Madina, a strong hitherto completely unknown to the Arabs but used by the Sassanid (People of Persia) it was Salman Farsi, the Persian, who gave the idea to the prophet, the trench took six days of feverish work to dig only a week before the attack. Army of the infields’ cavalry was stopped by the trench, they attempted to cross the trench but not succeeded, the attackers laid siege for two weeks. At last the Quraysh abandoned the siege and left precipitously the most notable casualty on the Muslim side was Hazrat Saad b. Muadh, chief of one of the clans of the tribe of Aws.
627 A.D / 5th Hijri
Battle of Banu Quraiza took place.
627 A.D / 6th Hijri
Battle of Banu Liyhan took place.
March, 628 A.D / Dhu-ul-Qadah, 6th Hijri
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) signed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah with infidels of Makkah. By virtue of The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the infidels of Makkah had to agree to compromise with the Muslims. Though, few terms of that treaty were seemed completely against the Muslim’s interests but for the long run point of view, they were in favor of Islam and prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) knew it. Afterwards, the glad tiding of a manifest Victory was revealed which confirmed the prophet’s (Peace Be Upon Him) vision and sagacity:
بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحًا مُّبِينًا
بیشک ہم نے تمہارے لیے روشن فتح دی
We have indeed, for your sake O dear Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him) bestowed a clear victory. (48:1)
Hudaybiyyah is a place on the road from Jeddah to Makkah; just outside the Haram (restricted precinct) Here Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) stopped and awaited the outcome of events when prevented from making the pilgrimage by the infidels of Makkah. A Quranic revelation (48:27) declared the Prophet would pray at Makkah. He set out to perform pilgrimage at Makkah with a party of about 1000 men unarmed and in Iharam (pilgrim dress). The Quraysh stopped the party at Hudaybiyyah, about ten miles from Makkah. Sayyidna Uthman (ALLAH Bless With Him) was sent to negotiate with infidels when he did not return at the expected time, many thought that he had been killed or captured and that all was lost. In this moment of peril, the prophet’s followers individually made a new oath of fealty to the prophets known as Bait-ur-Ridwan (The pact of felicity). Sayyidna Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) himself represented the absent Sayyidna Uthman (ALLAH Bless With Him) by proxy in this oath. Sayyidna Uthman (ALLAH Bless With Him) returned with some infidels. The Quraysh agreed to a truce, “The peace of Hudaybiyah”. Under the conditions of this treaty the prophet would be allowed to make the pilgrimage not then but in the following year. Makkah would be emptied for three days for the Muslim pilgrims. The peace also stipulated a truce for ten years, that those who were not free but subjects or dependents of the Quraysh and who defected from the pagans to the Muslim would be returned to the Quraysh by the Muslims, whereas those who were subject to the Muslims and who defected from the Muslims to the Quraysh would not be returned by the Quraysh. Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) performed the pilgrimage the following year. The testimony of faith declaring that there is no god but ALLAH and Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) is the messenger of ALLAH rang out in the valley of Makkah. The Quraysh camped on the hill of Abu Qubays, heard it, a portent of the coming triumph of Islam. Other effects were equally far-reaching. The desert tribes had seen the infidels of Makkah dealing with the Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) as an equal and as a sovereign, and many turned to the new religion. Shortly thereafter, in the year 630 taking an incident between an allied tribe and the infidels of Makkah as a breach of the truce, Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) marched upon Makkah and conquered it, meeting almost no resistance.
628 A.D / 6th Hijri
- Sayyida Rehana b. Shamun (ALLAH Bless With Her) entered the household of Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him). She was originally Jewish and came from Banu Quraiza.
- Sayyida Maria , the Copt (ALLAH Bless With Her) entered the household of Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) who was originally a slave-girl who was sent to the presence of Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) as gift from Muqawqis, the Byzantine viceroy ruling the Copts in Egypt. She bore Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) a son, Sayyidna Ibrahim (ALLAH Bless With Him) who died eighteen months after his birth.
- Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) married Sayyida Umm-e-Habiba (ALLAH Bless With Her) the daughter of Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Quraysh and widow of Ubayd (Who had been converted to Christianity in Abyssinia, where he died).
June, 628 A.D / 30 Muharram-ul-Haram, 7th Hijri
Battle of Khayber took place. Shortly after the Muslims returned from Hudaybiyyah, they learnt that the Jews of Khayber were planning another attack on Madina to avenge their defeat. Their agents, it was reported, were inciting other tribes as well. To forestall these moves the Muslims marched on Khayber with sixteen hundred men and the Khayber fortress, reputed to be impregnable, was stormed and conquered by Sayyidna Ali (ALLAH Bless With Him) after a siege lasting twenty days. As a result the Jewish citadels of Khayber were conquered, and the growing strength of the Muslims became apparent.
628 A.D / 7th Hijri
- To avenge their defeat at Khayber, the Jews made a conspiracy against Muslims; they planned to kill Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) and some of his companions. For implementing the conspiracy, the wife of a Jewish notable slain in the war of Khayber, invited Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) and some of his companions to a meal in her house. The food was poisoned. Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) had barely tasted the food when he suspected treachery and stopped eating but one of his companions, Hazrat Bishr b. Bara, died of poisoning. According to the law of the time the whole Jewish community should have been held accountable for this treacherous crime and punished accordingly but Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) held his hand and only the guilty woman was punished.
- Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) married Sayyida Safya (ALLAH Bless With Her), the seventeen-year-old widow of Kinanah, chief of the Jews of Khaybar who had been killed at Khaybar. Sayyida Safya (ALLAH Bless With Her) accepted Islam and married the prophet on the return journey to Madina.
- Battle of Wadi-ul-Qura took place.
April, 629 A.D / Dhu-ul-Qa, dah 7th Hijri
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) with two thousand of his trusted followers performed Umra-tul-Qaza (pilgrimage) as agreed in the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and Hazrat Bilal (ALLAH Bless With Him) called the prayer (Azan) from the top of the Kaaba, thus the Kalimah-e-Shahadah (the testimony of the faith) echoes in the valley of Makkah, while the Quraysh watch and listen from the hill of Abu Qubays. The Muslims scrupulously observed the terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, even though they were now strong enough to dictate their own terms if they so desired.
629 A.D / 7th Hijri
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) married Sayyida Maymuna (ALLAH Bless With Her ) after the pilgrimage to Makkah. She was the sister in law of Prophet’s uncle Hazrat Abbas, and a widow.
629 A.D / 8th Hijri
- Hazrat Khalid b. Walid (ALLAH Bless With Him) and Hazrat Amr b.Al-Aas (ALLAH Bless With Him) embraced Islam.
- Hazrat Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) led the Muslim force in battle of Mauta. That was the battle in which Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) addressed Hazrat Khalid b. Walid (ALLAH Bless With Him) by the name of Saif-Ullah (The Sword of ALLAH) which then became his honorary title.
January, 630 A.D / Ramadan-ul-Mubarak, 8th Hijri
Mecca was conquered by the Muslims in January 630 AD . It is called Fatah-e-Mubeen, The Glorious Victory.
In 628 the Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina signed a 10 year truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
According to the terms of the treaty of Hudaibiyah, the Arab tribes were given the option to join either of the parties, the Muslims or Quraish, with which they desired to enter into treaty alliance. Should any of these tribes suffer aggression, then the party to which it was allied would have the right to retaliate. As a consequence, Banu Bakr joined Quraish, and Khuza‘ah joined Mohammed. They thus lived in peace for sometime but ulterior motives stretching back to pre- Islamic period ignited by unabated fire of revenge triggered fresh hostilities. Banu Bakr, without caring a bit for the provisions of the treaty, attacked Banu Khuza‘ah in a place called Al- Wateer in Sha‘ban, 8 A.H. Quraish helped Banu Bakr with men and arms taking advantage of the dark night. Pressed by their enemies, the tribesmen of Khuza‘ah sought the Holy Sanctuary, but here too, their lives were not spared, and, contrary to all accepted traditions, Nawfal, the chief of Banu Bakr, chasing them in the sanctified area — where no blood should be shed — massacred his adversaries.
This behaviour on the part of Quraish was clearly a breach of the treaty of Al-Hudaibiyah and was obviously an act of hostility against the allies of the Muslims, i.e. Banu Khuza‘ah.
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the leader of the Quraysh in Mecca, sensing that the balance was now tilted in Muhammad's favour and that the Quraish were not strong enough to stop the Muslims from conquering the city, travelled to Medina, trying to restore the treaty. During his stay, he was repulsed by Ali and by his own daughter Ramlah, who now was one of Muhammad's wives. Though Muhammad refused to reach an agreement and Abu Sufyan returned to Mecca empty handed, these efforts ultimately ensured that the conquest occurred without battle.
Muhammad assembled an army of approximately 10,000 men and marched towards Mecca.
Again Abu Sufyan travelled back and forth between Mecca and Muhammad, still trying to reach a settlement. According to the sources, he found assistance in Muhammad's uncle Al-Abbas, though some scholars consider that historians writing under the rule of Abbas' descendants, the Abbasid Dynasty, had exaggerated Abbas' role and downplayed the role of Abu Sufyan, who was the ancestor of the Abbaside's enemies.
On the eve of the conquest, Abu Sufyan adopted Islam. When asked by Muhammad, he conceded that the Meccan gods had proved powerless and that there was indeed "no god but Allah", the first part of the Islamic confession of faith. When asked about the second part, the prophethood of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan still expressed some doubt but eventually yielded to threats, issued according to different sources by either Al-Abbas or Umar. In turn, Muhammad declared Abu Sufyan's house a sanctuary:
In 628 the Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina signed a 10 year truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
According to the terms of the treaty of Hudaibiyah, the Arab tribes were given the option to join either of the parties, the Muslims or Quraish, with which they desired to enter into treaty alliance. Should any of these tribes suffer aggression, then the party to which it was allied would have the right to retaliate. As a consequence, Banu Bakr joined Quraish, and Khuza‘ah joined Mohammed. They thus lived in peace for sometime but ulterior motives stretching back to pre- Islamic period ignited by unabated fire of revenge triggered fresh hostilities. Banu Bakr, without caring a bit for the provisions of the treaty, attacked Banu Khuza‘ah in a place called Al- Wateer in Sha‘ban, 8 A.H. Quraish helped Banu Bakr with men and arms taking advantage of the dark night. Pressed by their enemies, the tribesmen of Khuza‘ah sought the Holy Sanctuary, but here too, their lives were not spared, and, contrary to all accepted traditions, Nawfal, the chief of Banu Bakr, chasing them in the sanctified area — where no blood should be shed — massacred his adversaries.
This behaviour on the part of Quraish was clearly a breach of the treaty of Al-Hudaibiyah and was obviously an act of hostility against the allies of the Muslims, i.e. Banu Khuza‘ah.
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the leader of the Quraysh in Mecca, sensing that the balance was now tilted in Muhammad's favour and that the Quraish were not strong enough to stop the Muslims from conquering the city, travelled to Medina, trying to restore the treaty. During his stay, he was repulsed by Ali and by his own daughter Ramlah, who now was one of Muhammad's wives. Though Muhammad refused to reach an agreement and Abu Sufyan returned to Mecca empty handed, these efforts ultimately ensured that the conquest occurred without battle.
Muhammad assembled an army of approximately 10,000 men and marched towards Mecca.
Again Abu Sufyan travelled back and forth between Mecca and Muhammad, still trying to reach a settlement. According to the sources, he found assistance in Muhammad's uncle Al-Abbas, though some scholars consider that historians writing under the rule of Abbas' descendants, the Abbasid Dynasty, had exaggerated Abbas' role and downplayed the role of Abu Sufyan, who was the ancestor of the Abbaside's enemies.
On the eve of the conquest, Abu Sufyan adopted Islam. When asked by Muhammad, he conceded that the Meccan gods had proved powerless and that there was indeed "no god but Allah", the first part of the Islamic confession of faith. When asked about the second part, the prophethood of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan still expressed some doubt but eventually yielded to threats, issued according to different sources by either Al-Abbas or Umar. In turn, Muhammad declared Abu Sufyan's house a sanctuary:
He Who enters the house of Abu Sufyan will be safe, He who lays down arms will be safe, He who locks his door will be safe
He also declared:
ALLAH has made Mecca a sanctuary since the day He created the Heavens and the Earth, and it will remain a sanctuary by virtue of the sanctity Allah has bestowed on it until the Day of Resurrection. It (fighting in it) was not made lawful to anyone before me. Nor will it be made lawful to anyone after me, and it was not made lawful for me except for a short period of time. Its animals (that can be hunted) should not be chased, nor should its trees be cut, nor its vegetation or grass uprooted, nor its Luqata (most things) picked up except by one who makes a public announcement about it.
Then along with his companions Muhammad visited the Kaaba. The idols were broken and the stone gods were destroyed. Thereupon Muhammad recited the following verse from the Qur'an.
"Say the Truth is come and falsehood gone; Verily falsehood is ever vanishing."
The people assembled at the Kaaba, and Muhammad delivered the following address:
There is no God but ALLAH. He has no associate. He has made good His promise that He held to his bondman and helped him and defeated all the confederates. Bear in mind that every claim of privilege, whether that of blood or property is abolished except that of the custody of the Ka'aba and of supplying water to the pilgrims. Bear in mind that for any one who is slain the blood money is a hundred camels. People of Quraish, surely God has abolished from you all pride of the time of ignorance and all pride in your ancestry, because all men are descended from Adam, and Adam was made of clay.
Then Muhammad turning to the people said:
O Quraish, what do you think of the treatment that I should accord you?
And they said,
Mercy, O Prophet of ALLAH. We expect nothing but good from you.
Thereupon Muhammad declared:
I speak to you in the same words as Joseph spoke to his brothers. This day there is no reproof against you; Go your way, for you are free.
Muhammad's prestige grew after the surrender of the Meccans. Emissaries from all over Arabia came to Medina to accept him. Ten people were ordered to be killed. However, they were not all killed; at least Ikrimah lived to adopt Islam and fight in future battles among Muslim ranks.
1st February, 630 A.D /11 Shawwal-ul-Mukarram, 8th Hijri
Battle of Hunain took place. Immediately after the conquest of Makkah the Muslims fought a battle against the allied tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif at a point between Makkah and Taif.
The Muslim victory in this battle persuaded the desert tribes to accept Islam and shortly thereafter the rebel tribe of Taif also surrendered and entered Islam.
The Muslim victory in this battle persuaded the desert tribes to accept Islam and shortly thereafter the rebel tribe of Taif also surrendered and entered Islam.
3rd February, 630 A.D/ 13 Shawwal-ul-Mukarram, 8th Hijri
Battle of Taif took place.
630 A.D / 9th Hijri
- The beginning of the year of Deputation; when tribes from all over Arabia accepted Islam.
- The Department for alms and charity was established.
October, 630 A.D / Rajab-ul-Murajab, 9th Hijri
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) led a military expedition to Tabuk in North Arabia. It was the last battle who led by Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him).
630 A.D / 9th Hijri
- Usury was declared prohibited in Islam.
- Tribes Hamadan, Banu Asad and Banu Abbas embraced Islam.
631 A.D / 9th Hijri
Hajj (the pilgrimage) that year was led by Sayyidna Abu Bakr (ALLAH Bless With Him). Hajj was made obligatory for Muslims who are affluent enough.
632 A.D / 10th Hijri
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) set off for Makkah to perform the last Hajj.
9 March, 632 A.D / 9th Zilhaj, 10th Hijri
The “Farewell Pilgrimage” while delivering his last sermon at plain of Arafat to the multitude Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) received the final revelation of Quran. In his last sermon at Arafat, he mounted his camel and said:
“O, people, listen carefully to my words for I may not be among you next year, nor ever address you again from this spot.
O, people, verily ALLAH has made inviolable for you each other’s blood and each other’s property, until you meet your lord, even as he has made inviolable this, your day, in this your land, in this your month.
O, people, women have rights over you just as you have rights over them. Be good to them.
O, people, you may soon have to appear before your lord and answer for your deeds. So, beware! Do not go astray after I am gone.
O, people, no prophet or apostle will come after me and no new faith will be born.
O, people, listen to me in earnest! Worship your Allah; say your prayers, fast during the month of Ramadan, and give of your wealth in charity. All Muslims, free or enslaved, have the same responsibilities. None is higher than other unless he is higher in virtue.
O, people, feed your slaves as you feed yourselves. Do not oppress them nor usurp their rights.”
During the sermon of Arafat the last passage of Holy Quran was revealed:
بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَةُ وَالدَّمُ وَلَحْمُ الْخِنزِيرِ وَمَا أُهِلَّ لِغَيْرِ اللَّـهِ بِهِ وَالْمُنْخَنِقَةُ وَالْمَوْقُوذَةُ وَالْمُتَرَدِّيَةُ وَالنَّطِيحَةُ وَمَا أَكَلَ السَّبُعُ إِلَّا مَا ذَكَّيْتُمْ وَمَا ذُبِحَ عَلَى النُّصُبِ وَأَن تَسْتَقْسِمُوا بِالْأَزْلَامِ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ فِسْقٌ ۗ الْيَوْمَ يَئِسَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِن دِينِكُمْ فَلَا تَخْشَوْهُمْ وَاخْشَوْنِ ۚ الْيَوْمَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ وَأَتْمَمْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ نِعْمَتِي وَرَضِيتُ لَكُمُ الْإِسْلَامَ دِينًا ۚ فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ فِي مَخْمَصَةٍ غَيْرَ مُتَجَانِفٍ لِّإِثْمٍ ۙ فَإِنَّ اللَّـهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
آج تمہارے دین کی طرف سے کافروں کی آس نوٹ گئی تو اُن سے نہ ڈرو اور مجھ سے ڈرو آج میں نے تمہارے لئے دین کامل کردیا اور تم پر اپنی نعمت پوری کردی اور تمہارے لئے اسلام کو دین پسند کیا تو جو بھوک پیاس کی شدت میں ناچار ہو یوں کہ گناہ کی طرف نہ جھکے تو بیشک اللہ بخشنے والا مہربان ہے
The disbelievers are in despair concerning your religion, so do not fear them and fear Me; this day have I perfected your religion for you* and completed My favour upon you, and have chosen Islam as your religion; so whoever is forced by intense hunger and thirst and does not incline towards sin, then indeed Allah is Oft Forgiving, Most Merciful. (*Prophet Mohammed – peace and blessings be upon him – is the Last Prophet.) (5:3)
Thus Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) turned his blessed face to heaven and said:
“My Lord! Have I delivered aright the Massage I was charged with and fulfilled my calling?”
And the assembly responded with one voice:
“Oh, Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) by God! You have!”
Thereupon Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) lifted his fore-finger towards the heaven and then pointing towards people, said:
“O, Lord: Bear Thou witness unto it.”
632 A.D / 13th Zilhaj, 10th Hijri
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) returned to Madina.
632 A.D / 18th Safar-ul-Muzzaffar, 11th Hijri
Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) fell ill.
8 June, 632 A.D / Rabi-ul-Awwal, 11th Hijri
On one of the day of the month of Rabi-ul-Awwal, in 11th year of the Hijrah, Rehmat-al-il-Aalameen (A mercy to the universe) Hazrat Mohemmed (Peace Be Upon Him) passed away in the home of the favorite of his wives Sayyida Ayesha (ALLAH Bless With Her). Hazrat Mohemmed’s (Peace Be Upon Him) tomb in the mosque of Madina is venerated throughout Islam. Hazrat Mohemmed’s (Peace Be Upon Him) grandson Sayyidna Hassan (ALLAH Bless With Him) composed two couplets in a eulogy of his great grandfather. These couplets are the reflection of every Muslim. Sayyidna Hassan (ALLAH Bless With Him) says:
No eye has ever seen a better person than thee,
And none more handsome than thee was born to any woman;
Thou wast created free from all defects,
As if thou wast created as thou desired to be created.
"O ALLAH, let Your Peace come upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as you have brought peace to Ibrahim and his family. Truly, You are Praiseworthy and Glorious. ALLAH, bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as you have blessed Ibrahim and his family. Truly, You are Praiseworthy and Glorious".